Inani lezinto zelensi liyisici esibalulekile sokusebenza kwezithombe ezinhlelweni zokubona futhi lidlala indima ebalulekile ohlakeni lokuklama lonke. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bezithombe zesimanje buthuthuka, izidingo zabasebenzisi zokucaca kwesithombe, ukuthembeka kombala, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemininingwane emincane kuye kwanda, okudinga ukulawulwa okukhulu kokusabalala kokukhanya ngaphakathi kwezivikelo zomzimba eziqinile. Kulesi simo, inani lezinto zelensi livela njengenye yemingcele enethonya kakhulu elawula ikhono lesistimu yokubona.
Ingxenye ngayinye yelensi eyengeziwe yethula izinga elithile lenkululeko, okuvumela ukuphathwa okunembile kwezindlela zokukhanya kanye nokuziphatha kokugxila kuyo yonke indlela yokukhanya. Lokhu kuguquguquka komklamo okuthuthukisiwe akugcini nje ngokwenza ngcono indlela yokuqala yokuthwebula izithombe kodwa futhi kuvumela ukulungiswa okuqondiwe kokuphambuka okuningi kokukhanya. Ukuphambuka okubalulekile kufaka phakathi ukuphambuka okuyindilinga—okuvela lapho imisebe eseceleni kanye ne-paraxial yehluleka ukuhlangana endaweni efanayo yokugxila; ukuphambuka kwe-coma—okubonakala njengokungalingani kwemithombo yamaphuzu, ikakhulukazi ngasemngceleni wesithombe; i-astigmatism—okuholela ekungafanini kokugxila okuncike ekuqondeni; ukugoba kwensimu—lapho indiza yesithombe igoba khona, okuholela ezifundeni eziphakathi ezibukhali ezinokugxila komphetho okonakele; kanye nokuphambuka kwejiyometri—okuvela njengokuguqulwa kwesithombe okufana ne-barrel noma i-pincushion.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphambuka kwe-chromatic—kokubili okuqondile kanye nokuseceleni—okubangelwa ukusabalala kwezinto kuphazamisa ukunemba kombala kanye nokuqhathanisa. Ngokufaka izakhi ezengeziwe zelensi, ikakhulukazi ngokuhlanganiswa kwamasu kwamalensi amahle nangalungile, lokhu kuphambuka kungancishiswa ngokuhlelekile, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukufana kwezithombe kuyo yonke insimu yokubuka.
Ukuvela okusheshayo kwezithombe ezinesinqumo esiphezulu kuye kwakhulisa ukubaluleka kobunzima belensi. Ezithombeni ze-smartphone, isibonelo, amamodeli aphambili manje ahlanganisa izinzwa ze-CMOS ngokubalwa kwamaphikseli angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-50, amanye afinyelela izigidi ezingu-200, kanye nosayizi wamaphikseli ancipha njalo. Lokhu kuthuthuka kubeka izidingo eziqinile ekuhambisaneni kwe-angular kanye nendawo kokukhanya kwesigameko. Ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokugcwele amandla okuxazulula ama-array enzwa anjalo aphezulu, amalensi kumele afinyelele amanani aphezulu e-Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) kulo lonke ububanzi bemvamisa yendawo, okuqinisekisa ukuvezwa okunembile kokuthungwa okuhle. Ngenxa yalokho, imiklamo evamile yezinto ezintathu noma ezinhlanu ayisanele, okuholela ekwamukelweni kokucushwa kwezinto eziningi ezithuthukisiwe njengezakhiwo ze-7P, 8P, kanye ne-9P. Lezi zakhiwo zivumela ukulawula okuphezulu phezu kwama-engeli e-oblique ray, okukhuthaza ukusabalala okucishe kube okujwayelekile ebusweni benzwa futhi kunciphisa ukuxoxa kwe-microlens. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo ezi-aspheric kuthuthukisa ukunemba kokulungiswa kokuphambuka kwe-spherical kanye nokuphambuka, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ubukhali obuvela emaphethelweni kanye nekhwalithi yesithombe iyonke.
Ezinhlelweni zobuciko bokuthwebula izithombe, isidingo sobuhle bokukhanya siqhuba izixazululo eziyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu. Amalensi amakhulu ane-aperture prime (isb., f/1.2 noma f/0.95) asetshenziswa kumakhamera e-DSLR aphezulu kanye namakhamera angenazibuko avame ukuba nokuphambuka okukhulu kwendilinga kanye ne-coma ngenxa yokujula kwawo okujulile kwensimu kanye nokukhanya okuphezulu. Ukuze balwe nale miphumela, abakhiqizi basebenzisa njalo ama-lens stack aqukethe izakhi eziyi-10 kuya kweziyi-14, besebenzisa izinto ezithuthukisiwe kanye nobunjiniyela bokunemba. Ingilazi ehlakazeka kancane (isb., ED, SD) isetshenziswa ngendlela efanele ukucindezela ukuhlakazeka kwe-chromatic nokuqeda ukufiphaza kombala. Izakhi ze-aspheric zithatha indawo yezakhi eziningi eziyindilinga, zifinyelela ukulungiswa okuphezulu kokuphambuka ngenkathi zinciphisa isisindo kanye nokubalwa kwezakhi. Eminye imiklamo esebenza kahle ifaka izakhi ze-optical ezihlukanisayo (DOEs) noma amalensi e-fluorite ukuze zicindezele ukuphambuka kwe-chromatic ngaphandle kokwengeza isisindo esikhulu. Kumalensi e-ultra-telephoto zoom—njenge-400mm f/4 noma i-600mm f/4—ukuhlanganiswa kwe-optical kungadlula izakhi ezingama-20 ngazinye, kuhlanganiswe nezindlela zokugxila ezintantayo ukuze kugcinwe ikhwalithi yesithombe ehambisanayo kusukela ekugxileni eduze kuya ekungapheli.
Naphezu kwalezi zinzuzo, ukwandisa inani lezinto zelensi kuletha ukuhweba okubalulekile kobunjiniyela. Okokuqala, isikhombimsebenzisi ngasinye sengilazi yomoya sinikeza cishe ukulahleka kokukhanya okungu-4%. Ngisho noma kunezimbozo eziphikisana nokukhanya okusezingeni eliphezulu—kufaka phakathi izimbozo ezakhiwe ngendlela ye-nano-structured (ASC), izakhiwo ze-sub-wavelength (SWC), kanye nezimbozo ze-broadband ezinezingqimba eziningi—ukulahlekelwa kokudlulisa okuhlanganisiwe kuhlala kungenakugwenywa. Ukubalwa kwezinto ngokweqile kunganciphisa ukudluliselwa kokukhanya okuphelele, kwehlise isilinganiso sesiginali kuya komsindo futhi kwandise ukuthambekela kokuqhuma, umswakama, kanye nokunciphisa ukuqhathanisa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinokukhanya okuphansi. Okwesibili, ukubekezelelana kokukhiqiza kuba nzima kakhulu: isikhundla se-axial, ukuthambekela, kanye nesikhala selensi ngayinye kumele kugcinwe ngaphakathi kokunemba kwezinga le-micrometer. Ukuphambuka kungabangela ukuwohloka kokuphazamiseka kwe-off-axis noma ukufiphala kwendawo, kuphakamise ubunzima bokukhiqiza futhi kunciphise amazinga okukhiqiza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani eliphezulu lamalensi ngokuvamile landisa ivolumu kanye nobunzima besistimu, okuphikisana nokubaluleka kokunciphisa i-miniaturization kuma-electronics abathengi. Ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezivinjelwe isikhala ezifana nama-smartphone, amakhamera esenzo, kanye nezinhlelo zokuthwebula izithombe ezifakwe kuma-drone, ukuhlanganisa ama-optics asebenza kahle kakhulu ezintweni ezihlanganisiwe kuveza inselele enkulu yokuklama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxenye zemishini ezifana nama-actuator e-autofocus kanye namamojula e-optical image stabilization (OIS) zidinga indawo eyanele yokuhamba kweqembu lamalensi. Ama-optical stacks ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu noma ahlelwe kabi angavimbela ukushaywa kwe-actuator kanye nokuphendula, okuphazamisa isivinini sokugxila kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuzinza.
Ngakho-ke, ekwakhiweni okusebenzayo kokukhanya, ukukhetha inani elifanele lezinto zelensi kudinga ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kokushintshana kobunjiniyela. Abaklami kumele bavumelanise imikhawulo yokusebenza yethiyori nemikhawulo yezwe langempela kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa okuqondiwe, izimo zemvelo, izindleko zokukhiqiza, kanye nokwehluka kwemakethe. Isibonelo, amalensi ekhamera yeselula kumadivayisi amakethe amakhulu avame ukusebenzisa ukucushwa kwe-6P noma i-7P ukuze kulinganiswe ukusebenza kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko, kuyilapho amalensi e-cinema ochwepheshe angase abeke phambili ikhwalithi yesithombe ephezulu kakhulu ngezindleko zosayizi nesisindo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, intuthuko kusofthiwe yokuklama ukukhanya—njenge-Zemax ne-Code V—ivumela ukulungiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-multivariable, okuvumela onjiniyela ukuthi bafinyelele amazinga okusebenza afana nezinhlelo ezinkulu besebenzisa izinto ezimbalwa ngokusebenzisa amaphrofayili e-curvature acwengisisiwe, ukukhetha inkomba ye-refractive, kanye nokwenza ngcono i-aspheric coefficient.
Ekuphetheni, inani lezinto zelensi aliyona nje indlela yokulinganisa ubunzima bokukhanya kodwa liyinguquko eyisisekelo echaza umkhawulo ophezulu wokusebenza kwezithombe. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwe-optical okuphezulu akufezwa ngokukhuphuka kwezinombolo kuphela, kodwa ngokwakhiwa ngamabomu kokwakheka okulinganiselwe, okunolwazi lwefiziksi okuvumelanisa ukulungiswa kokuguquguquka, ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa, ukuqina kwesakhiwo, kanye nokukwazi ukukhiqiza. Uma sibheka phambili, ukusungula izinto ezintsha—njenge-high-refractive-index, ama-polymers aphansi okusabalala kanye nama-metaterials—amasu okukhiqiza athuthukile—kufaka phakathi ukubumba kwezinga le-wafer kanye nokucubungula ubuso obukhululekile—kanye nokuthwebula izithombe—ngokuklama ngokubambisana kwama-optics nama-algorithms—kulindeleke ukuthi kuchaze kabusha indlela yokubala amalensi “okulungile”, okuvumela izinhlelo zokuthwebula izithombe zesizukulwane esilandelayo ezibonakala ngokusebenza okuphezulu, ubuhlakani obukhulu, kanye nokukhula okuthuthukisiwe.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 16-2025